gemini_-_pcbs_lists
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| | CB138 | 6.83 | Low | High Log Kow, strong adsorption to sediment; primarily dietary uptake [[# | | CB138 | 6.83 | Low | High Log Kow, strong adsorption to sediment; primarily dietary uptake [[# | ||
| | CB118 | 6.74 | Moderate-Low | Moderate Log Kow, tendency to partition to sediment; primarily dietary uptake [[# | | CB118 | 6.74 | Moderate-Low | Moderate Log Kow, tendency to partition to sediment; primarily dietary uptake [[# | ||
| - | | CB101 | 6.38 | Moderate | Lower Log Kow compared to heavier congeners, relatively higher water solubility; uptake via partitioning from air/water into food chains [[# | + | | CB101 | 6.38 | Moderate | Lower Log Kow compared to heavier congeners, relatively higher water solubility; uptake via partitioning from air/water into food chains [[# |
| | CB52 | 5.84 | High | Lower Log Kow, relatively higher water solubility; higher bioaccessibility from sediment than CB153; can be taken up by small organisms [[# | | CB52 | 5.84 | High | Lower Log Kow, relatively higher water solubility; higher bioaccessibility from sediment than CB153; can be taken up by small organisms [[# | ||
| | CB28 | 5.67 | Highest | Lowest Log Kow, highest water solubility among the monitored congeners; implied high bioavailability to green algae [[# | | CB28 | 5.67 | Highest | Lowest Log Kow, highest water solubility among the monitored congeners; implied high bioavailability to green algae [[# | ||
| Line 160: | Line 160: | ||
| Based on the comprehensive assessment of the MMO-monitored PCB congeners and their environmental behavior, the following recommendations are put forth to enhance marine management strategies: | Based on the comprehensive assessment of the MMO-monitored PCB congeners and their environmental behavior, the following recommendations are put forth to enhance marine management strategies: | ||
| - | Targeted Monitoring and Research: | + | |
| - | Continue and enhance congener-specific monitoring, particularly for CB118, given its persistent exceedance of Environmental Assessment Criteria (EACs) and high toxicity. This targeted approach is crucial for accurately assessing and mitigating ecological risk.[[# | + | |
| - | Prioritize monitoring efforts in identified " | + | |
| - | Expand biomonitoring to encompass a wider range of trophic levels, with a particular focus on long-lived top predators like marine mammals and large fish, which accumulate the highest concentrations of PCBs due to biomagnification.[[# | + | |
| - | Conduct further research into the long-term bioavailability of PCBs from aged marine sediments and assess the potential for their remobilization due to environmental disturbances (e.g., climate change impacts on ocean currents, increased storm activity) or human activities like dredging.[[# | + | |
| - | Investigate the combined toxicological effects of PCB mixtures and other co-contaminants (e.g., heavy metals, polybrominated diphenyl ethers) in marine organisms, as real-world exposure scenarios involve complex chemical cocktails.[[# | + | |
| - | Policy and Management Considerations: | + | |
| - | Reinforce and accelerate global efforts to identify and safely dispose of remaining PCB stockpiles and contaminated equipment, ensuring adherence to the targets set by the Stockholm Convention. The current pace of elimination is insufficient to meet established deadlines.[[# | + | |
| - | Implement stricter controls and develop effective remediation strategies for known land-based sources, including landfills located near water bodies and e-waste recycling sites, to prevent further leaching of PCBs into marine environments.[[# | + | |
| - | Develop and disseminate clear public health advisories regarding the consumption of locally caught fish and shellfish from contaminated areas, ensuring these advisories consider congener-specific risks and the biomagnification potential in different species.[[# | + | |
| - | Advocate for enhanced international cooperation and information sharing on PCB monitoring data and best practices for management, recognizing the transboundary nature of these persistent pollutants.[[# | + | |
| - | Ensure that environmental policies and regulations, | + | |
| ===== 6. Conclusion ===== | ===== 6. Conclusion ===== | ||
| Line 204: | Line 204: | ||
| ===== References ===== | ===== References ===== | ||
| - | <wrap #ref1 /> 1 OSPAR Commission. (2009). //OSPAR Background Document on PCBs.// Publication Number 423/2009. | + | <wrap #ref1/> 1. OSPAR Commission. (2009). //OSPAR Background Document on PCBs.// Publication Number 423/2009. |
| - | <wrap #ref2 /> 2 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2000). // | + | <wrap #ref2/> 2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2000). // |
| - | <wrap #ref3 /> 3 Erickson, M. D., & Kaley, R. G. (2011). Applications of polychlorinated biphenyls. // | + | <wrap #ref3/> 3. Erickson, M. D., & Kaley, R. G. (2011). Applications of polychlorinated biphenyls. // |
| - | <wrap #ref4 /> 4 Breivik, K., Czub, G., McLachlan, M. S., Wania, F., & Corrigan, B. P. (2010). Towards a global mass balance of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment. // | + | <wrap #ref4/> 4. Breivik, K., Czub, G., McLachlan, M. S., Wania, F., & Corrigan, B. P. (2010). Towards a global mass balance of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment. // |
| - | <wrap #ref5 /> 5 UNEP. (2010). // | + | <wrap #ref5/> 5. UNEP. (2010). // |
| - | <wrap #ref6 /> 6 Frame, G. M. (1997). A canine perspective on the analysis of PCBs. // | + | <wrap #ref6/> 6. Frame, G. M. (1997). A canine perspective on the analysis of PCBs. // |
| - | <wrap #ref7 /> 7 OSPAR Commission. (2010). //OSPAR Recommendation 2010/2 on the Reduction of Emissions and Discharges of PCBs.// | + | <wrap #ref7/> 7. OSPAR Commission. (2010). //OSPAR Recommendation 2010/2 on the Reduction of Emissions and Discharges of PCBs.// |
| - | <wrap #ref8 /> 8 Safe, S. (1994). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): environmental impact, biochemical and toxic responses, and implications for risk assessment. //Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 24//(2), 87-149. | + | <wrap #ref8/> 8. Safe, S. (1994). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): environmental impact, biochemical and toxic responses, and implications for risk assessment. //Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 24//(2), 87-149. |
| - | <wrap #ref9 /> 9 Kimbrough, R. D. (1995). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and human health: an update. //Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 25//(2), 133-163. | + | <wrap #ref9/> 9. Kimbrough, R. D. (1995). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and human health: an update. //Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 25//(2), 133-163. |
| - | <wrap #ref10 /> 10 Marine Management Organisation (MMO). (2019). //Clean Safe Seas Environmental Monitoring Programme (CSEMP) 2017: Contaminants in Fish and Shellfish.// | + | <wrap #ref10/> 10. Marine Management Organisation (MMO). (2019). //Clean Safe Seas Environmental Monitoring Programme (CSEMP) 2017: Contaminants in Fish and Shellfish.// |
| - | <wrap #ref11 /> 11 Wania, F., & Mackay, D. (1999). The global distribution of persistent organic chemicals. //Science, 284// | + | <wrap #ref11/> 11. Wania, F., & Mackay, D. (1999). The global distribution of persistent organic chemicals. //Science, 284// |
| - | <wrap #ref12 /> 12 Lohmann, R., & Jones, K. C. (1998). Dioxins and furans in the Arctic: a review. //Science of The Total Environment, | + | <wrap #ref12/> 12. Lohmann, R., & Jones, K. C. (1998). Dioxins and furans in the Arctic: a review. //Science of The Total Environment, |
| - | <wrap #ref13 /> 13 Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). (2009). //AMAP Assessment 2009: Human Health in the Arctic.// | + | <wrap #ref13/> 13. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). (2009). //AMAP Assessment 2009: Human Health in the Arctic.// |
| - | <wrap #ref14 /> 14 Ross, P. S. (2006). Fireproof killer whales (Orcinus orca): flame retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in an apex marine predator. // | + | <wrap #ref14/> 14. Ross, P. S. (2006). Fireproof killer whales (Orcinus orca): flame retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in an apex marine predator. // |
| - | <wrap #ref15 /> 15 Marine Management Organisation. (n.d.). //About us.// Retrieved from https:// | + | <wrap #ref15/> 15. Marine Management Organisation. (n.d.). //About us.// Retrieved from https:// |
| - | <wrap #ref16 /> 16 Marine Management Organisation. (n.d.). //Open data and data sharing.// Retrieved from https:// | + | <wrap #ref16/> 16. Marine Management Organisation. (n.d.). //Open data and data sharing.// Retrieved from https:// |
| - | <wrap #ref17 /> 17 Department for Environment, | + | <wrap #ref17/> 17. Department for Environment, |
| - | <wrap #ref18 /> 18 OSPAR Commission. (2017). //OSPAR Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme (CEMP) Assessment of PCBs in Biota and Sediments.// | + | <wrap #ref18/> 18. OSPAR Commission. (2017). //OSPAR Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme (CEMP) Assessment of PCBs in Biota and Sediments.// |
| - | <wrap #ref19 /> 19 Marine Management Organisation (MMO). (2020). //Clean Safe Seas Environmental Monitoring Programme (CSEMP) 2018: Contaminants in Fish and Shellfish.// | + | <wrap #ref19/> 19. Marine Management Organisation (MMO). (2020). //Clean Safe Seas Environmental Monitoring Programme (CSEMP) 2018: Contaminants in Fish and Shellfish.// |
| - | <wrap #ref20 /> 20 European Commission. (2000). //Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (Water Framework Directive).// | + | <wrap #ref20/> 20. European Commission. (2000). //Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (Water Framework Directive).// |
| - | <wrap #ref21 /> 21 OSPAR Commission. (2008). //OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic.// | + | <wrap #ref21/> 21. OSPAR Commission. (2008). //OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic.// |
| - | <wrap #ref22 /> 22 Kallenborn, R., & Schlabach, M. (2009). // | + | <wrap #ref22/> 22. Kallenborn, R., & Schlabach, M. (2009). // |
| - | <wrap #ref23 /> 23 Tanabe, S. (1988). PCB problems in the future: foresight from current knowledge. // | + | <wrap #ref23/> 23. Tanabe, S. (1988). PCB problems in the future: foresight from current knowledge. // |
| - | <wrap #ref24 /> 24 OSPAR Commission. (2014). //OSPAR Recommendation 2014/1 on the OSPAR List of Substances of Priority Action.// | + | <wrap #ref24/> 24. OSPAR Commission. (2014). //OSPAR Recommendation 2014/1 on the OSPAR List of Substances of Priority Action.// |
| - | <wrap #ref25 /> 25 UNEP. (2009). //Guidance for the inventory of PCB containing equipment and the preparation of plans for the elimination of PCBs.// | + | <wrap #ref25/> 25. UNEP. (2009). //Guidance for the inventory of PCB containing equipment and the preparation of plans for the elimination of PCBs.// |
| - | <wrap #ref26 /> 26 OSPAR Commission. (2007). //OSPAR Strategy for Hazardous Substances.// | + | <wrap #ref26/> 26. OSPAR Commission. (2007). //OSPAR Strategy for Hazardous Substances.// |
| - | <wrap #ref27 /> 27 World Health Organization (WHO). (1993). // | + | <wrap #ref27/> 27. World Health Organization (WHO). (1993). // |
| - | <wrap #ref28 /> 28 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2010). Scientific Opinion on the risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and food. //EFSA Journal, 8//(7), 1640. | + | <wrap #ref28/> 28. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2010). Scientific Opinion on the risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and food. //EFSA Journal, 8//(7), 1640. |
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| - | <wrap #ref32 /> 32 Cornelissen, | + | <wrap #ref32/> 32. Cornelissen, |
| - | <wrap #ref33 /> 33 Geyer, H. J., Scheunert, I., & Korte, F. (1986). Bioconcentration potential of organic environmental chemicals in fish. // | + | <wrap #ref33/> 33. Geyer, H. J., Scheunert, I., & Korte, F. (1986). Bioconcentration potential of organic environmental chemicals in fish. // |
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| - | <wrap #ref35 /> 35 Schwarzenbach, | + | <wrap #ref35/> 35. Schwarzenbach, |
| - | <wrap #ref36 /> 36 Marine Management Organisation (MMO). (2021). //Clean Safe Seas Environmental Monitoring Programme (CSEMP) 2019: Contaminants in Fish and Shellfish.// | + | <wrap #ref36/> 36. Marine Management Organisation (MMO). (2021). //Clean Safe Seas Environmental Monitoring Programme (CSEMP) 2019: Contaminants in Fish and Shellfish.// |
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| - | <wrap #ref38 /> 38 Reijnders, P. J. H. (1986). Reproductive failure in common seals feeding on fish from polluted coastal waters. //Nature, 324// | + | <wrap #ref38/> 38. Reijnders, P. J. H. (1986). Reproductive failure in common seals feeding on fish from polluted coastal waters. //Nature, 324// |
| - | <wrap #ref39 /> 39 Kiremire, B. T., & Kasozi, G. N. (2010). PCBs in fish and fish parasites from Lake Victoria, Uganda. // | + | <wrap #ref39/> 39. Kiremire, B. T., & Kasozi, G. N. (2010). PCBs in fish and fish parasites from Lake Victoria, Uganda. // |
| - | <wrap #ref40 /> 40 Hoekstra, P. F., O' | + | <wrap #ref40/> 40. Hoekstra, P. F., O' |
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| - | <wrap #ref45 /> 45 Newman, M. C. (2009). // | + | <wrap #ref45/> 45. Newman, M. C. (2009). // |
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| - | <wrap #ref47 /> 47 Kelly, B. C., Ikonomou, M. G., Blair, J. D., Morin, A. E., & Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2007). Food-web-specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants. //Science, 317// | + | <wrap #ref47/> 47. Kelly, B. C., Ikonomou, M. G., Blair, J. D., Morin, A. E., & Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2007). Food-web-specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants. //Science, 317// |
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| - | <wrap #ref59 /> 59 Hilscherová, | + | <wrap #ref59/> 59. Hilscherová, |
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| - | <wrap #ref64 /> 64 OSPAR Commission. (2003). //OSPAR Recommendation 2003/1 on the Management of Dredged Material.// | + | <wrap #ref64/> 64. OSPAR Commission. (2003). //OSPAR Recommendation 2003/1 on the Management of Dredged Material.// |
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| - | <wrap #ref67 /> 67 Connell, D. W. (1990). // | + | <wrap #ref67/> 67. Connell, D. W. (1990). // |
| - | <wrap #ref68 /> 68 Sijm, D. T. H. M., & van den Berg, M. (1995). Bioavailability of PCBs to fish. // | + | <wrap #ref68/> 68. Sijm, D. T. H. M., & van den Berg, M. (1995). Bioavailability of PCBs to fish. // |
| - | <wrap #ref69 /> 69 Escher, B. I., & Schwarzenbach, | + | <wrap #ref69/> 69. Escher, B. I., & Schwarzenbach, |
| - | <wrap #ref70 /> 70 Breivik, K., & Wania, F. (2002). Mass balance of polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment: | + | <wrap #ref70/> 70. Breivik, K., & Wania, F. (2002). Mass balance of polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment: |
| - | <wrap #ref71 /> 71 OSPAR Commission. (2012). //OSPAR Assessment of Climate Change in the OSPAR Maritime Area.// | + | <wrap #ref71/> 71. OSPAR Commission. (2012). //OSPAR Assessment of Climate Change in the OSPAR Maritime Area.// |
| - | <wrap #ref72 /> 72 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2018). Scientific Opinion on the update of the risk assessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food. //EFSA Journal, 16//(12), 5489. | + | <wrap #ref72/> 72. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2018). Scientific Opinion on the update of the risk assessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food. //EFSA Journal, 16//(12), 5489. |
| - | <wrap #ref73 /> 73 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2003). //Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Volume 2: Risk Assessment and Fish Consumption Limits (3rd ed.).// | + | <wrap #ref73/> 73. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2003). //Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Volume 2: Risk Assessment and Fish Consumption Limits (3rd ed.).// |
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